E-emprendimiento en la Educación Superior: la competencia digital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35362/rie642360Palavras-chave:
e-emprendimiento, empleabilidad; competencia digital; educación superiorResumo
Entender las razones por las que la crisis ha tenido efectos dispares según el mercado laboral de referencia es crucial para diseñar políticas públicas que apoyen la creación de empleo y aceleren la recuperación. Gobierno, instituciones de educación superior, empresas y agentes sociales coinciden en que es urgente tratar de aumentar la eficiencia del sistema educativo para fomentar el emprendimiento, ya que las oportunidades que éste ofrece pueden colaborar a la recuperación y desarrollo económico.
En los últimos años, gracias a los avances de las TIC, ha surgido un nuevo modelo de negocio, el e-emprendimiento derivado de las sinergias entre TIC y una generación digital.
Este trabajo está centrado en las competencias digitales y emprendedoras de los alumnos de la Universidad Rovira i Virgili. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio para analizar si realmente podemos aprovechar las ventajas de las TIC para dar impulso a la creación de empresas y al desarrollo económico. El artículo discute las relaciones entre competencias digitales, empleabilidad y e-emprendimiento.
Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los estudiantes universitarios pueden ser considerados como profesionales digitalmente competentes, pero también cabe destacar que dichos estudiantes tienen un bajo nivel de autoeficacia emprendedora. En consecuencia, entendemos que es necesario que el sistema educativo español siga trabajando para que los estudiantes consideren que el (e)-emprendimiento y el autoempleo son una opción más para su desarrollo profesional, lo que en definitiva acabará posibilitando su inserción laboral.
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Referências
ARTIS, Michael, y NIXON, Frederick (Eds.) (2007): The economics of the European Union: Policy and analysis (4ª ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ÅSTEBRO, Thomas,BAZZAZIAN, Navid, y BRAGUINSKY, Serguey (2011, July 30): Startups by recent university graduates versus their faculty -implications for university entrepreneurship policy.
BANDURA, Albert (1986): Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
BANDURA, Albert (1997): Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
CASSON, Mark, y GIUSTA, Marina(2007): “Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analyzing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective”. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 220-244.
COHEN, Jacob (1988): Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2ª ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS (2003a): Green paper on entrepreneurship in Europe. Bruselas.
COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS (2003b): Communication from the Commission; investing efficiently in education and training: An imperative for Europe. Bruselas.
COMISIÓN EUROPEA (2006): Implementing the community Lisbon programme: Fostering entrepreneurial mindsets through education and learning, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Bruselas.
COMISIÓN EUROPEA (2012): Effects and impact of entrepreneurship programmes in higher education, Comisión Europea, Bruselas, marzo.
DANDRIDGE, Thomas, y LEVENBURG, Nancy (2000): “High-tech potencial? An exploratory study of very small firms’ usage of the Internet”. International Small Business Journal, 18(2), 81-91.
DAVIS, Paul (2003): “Widening participation and the European Union: Direct action -indirect policy?” European Journal of Education, 38(1), 99-116.
DE CAROLIS, Donna, y SAPARITO, Patrick (2006): “Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 41-56.
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT (2010): Digital economy rankings 2010 Beyond e-readiness A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit. OEI http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/EIU_Digital_economy_rankings_2010_FINAL_WEB.pdf [Consulta: diciembre 2012]
EDWARDS, Louise, y MUIR, Elizabeth (2005): “Promoting entrepreneurship at the University of Glamorgan through formal and informal learning”. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 613-626.
ERUMBAN, Abdul, y DE JONG, Simon (2006): “Cross-country differences in ICT adoption: A consequence of Culture?” Journal of World Business, 41(4), 302-314.
EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING (CEDEFOP). (2008): Skill needs in Europe: Focus on 2020. Febrero, Bruselas.
FAYOLLE, Alain (2005): “Evaluation of entrepreneurship education: behavior performing or intention increasing?” International Journal Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2(1), 89-98.
FLORIDO, Carmen, JIMÉNEZ, Juan, y SANTANA, Isabel (2011): “Obstáculos en el camino hacia Bolonia. Efectos de la implantación del EEES sobre los resultados académicos”. Revista de Educación, 354, enero-abril, 629-656. OEI http://www.educacion.gob.es/dctm/revista-de-educacion/articulos-re354/re35425.pdf?documentId=0901e72b811e1d41[Consulta: febrero 2013]
FORRIER, Anneleen, y SELS, Luc (2003): “The concept employability: a complex mosaic”. International. Journal of Human Resource Development & Management, 3(2), 102-124.
GEORGE, Darren, y MALLERY, Paul (2003): SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4ª ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
GONZÁLEZ, Elvira, y DEL RÍO, Fernando (2010): “European Employment Observatory”. EEO Review: Youth Employment Measures. OEI http://www.eu-employment-observatory.net/resources/reviews/Spain-YMRvw2010.pdf [Consulta: noviembre 2012]
GROEN, Aard, WAKKEE, Indrid, y DE WEERD-NEDERHOF, Petra (2008): “Managing tensions in a high-tech start-up: An innovation journey in social system perspective”. International Small Business Journal, 26(1), 57-81.
HENNEMANN, Stefan, y LIEFNER, Ingo (2010): “Employability of German geography graduates: The mismatch between knowledge acquired and competences required”. Journalof Geography in Higher Education, 34(2), 215-230.
KOLLMAN, Tobias (2006): “What is e-entrepreneurship? Fundamentals of company founding in the net economy”. International Journal of Technology Management, 33(4), 322-340.
KOLLMAN, Tobias (2009): E-entrepreneurship: The principles of founding electronic ventures. En Lee (Ed.) (2009), Selected readings on information technology and business systems management (pp. 204-225). Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
LANS, Thomas, WESSELINK, Renate, BIEMANS, Harm, y MULDER, Martin (2004):”Work-related lifelong learning for entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector”. International Journal or Training and Development, 8(1), 73-89.
LI, Jun, MITRA, Jay, y MATLAY, Harry (2004): “E-Commerce and management of channel conflict: evidence from small manufacturing firms in the UK”. International Journal of Technology Management, 28(7/8), 747-766.
LIÑÁN, Francisco, y CHEN, Yi (2006): Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample. Working paper num. 07/6, Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
LÓPEZ, Juan Ignacio (2011): “Un giro copernicano en la enseñanza universitaria: formación por competencias”. Revista de Educación, 356, septiembre-diciembre, 279-301. OEIhttp://www.educacion.gob.es/dctm/revista-de-educacion/articulosre356/re35612.pdf?documentId=0901e72b81203168[Consulta: enero 2013]
MARKMAN, Gideon, BALKIN, David, yBARON Robert (2002): “Inventors and new venture formation: The effect of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149-165.
MARTIN, Lynn, y MATLAY, Harry (2001): “Blanket approaches to promoting ICT in small firms: Some lessons from the DTI ladder adoption model in the UK”. Journal of Internet Research, 11(5), 399-410.
MATLAY, Harry, y MARTIN, Lynn (2009): “Collaborative and competitive strategies in virtual teams of e-entrepreneurs: a pan-European perspective”. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 16(1), 99-115.
MATLAY, Harry, y WESTHEAD, Paul (2005): “Virtual teams and the rise of e-entrepreneurship in Europe”. International Small Business Journal, 12(4), 279-300.
MCDOUGALL, Patricia, y OVIATT, Benjamin (2000): “International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two research paths”.Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 902-906.
MORGAN-THOMAS, Anna, y BRIDGEWATER, Susan (2004): “Internet and exporting: Determinants of success in virtual export channels”. International Marketing Review, 21(4/5), 393-408.
MORGAN-THOMAS, Anna, JONES, Marian, y JI, Zunzhe (2009): Global online entrepreneurship: The review of empirical literature. In J. Larimo and T. Vissak (ed.), Research on Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalization(Progress in International Business Research, Volume 4, (pp. 69-88), Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.
PALOMARES, Ascensión (2011): “El modelo docente universitario y el uso de nuevas metodologías en la enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación”. Revista de Educación, vol. 355, mayo-agosto, 591-604. http://www.revistaeducacion.mec.es/re355/re355_25.pdf[Consulta: enero 2013]
PEET, Steven, BRINDLEY, Clare, y RITCHIE, Bob (2002). “The European Commission and SME support mechanisms for e-business”. European Business Review, 14(5), 335-341.
PORTER, Michael(2001, Marzo). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review,63-78.
RICOY, MªCarmen,SEVILLANO, MªLuisa, yFELIZ, Tiberio (2011): “Competencias necesarias para la utilización de las principales herramientas de Internet en la educación”. Revista deEducación, vol.356, septiembre-diciembre, 483-507. http://www.revistaeducacion.educacion.es/re356/re356_20.pdf[Consulta: enero 2013]
RODRÍGUEZ, Sebastián,PRADES, Anna,BERNÁLDEZ, Lorena, ySÁNCHEZ, Sergio (2010): “Sobre la empleabilidad de los graduados universitarios en Catalunya: del diagnóstico a la acción”.Revista de Educación, 356, enero-abril, 107-137. http://www.revistaeducacion.mec.es/re351/re351_05.pdf[Consulta: octubre 2012]
SAPIR, André (2006). “Globalization and the reform of European social models”. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(2), 369-390.
SEGAL, Gerry, BORGIA, Dan, y SCHOENFELD, Jerry (2005).”The motivation to become an entrepreneur”. InternationalJournal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(1), 42-57.
TORRES-CORONAS, Teresa, y VIDAL-BLASCO, María-Arántzazu (2011). Promoting Digital Competences through Social Software: A Case Study at the Rovira i Virgili University. En V. Wang (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Communication Technologies and Adult Education Integration (pp. 204-225), Hershey: Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
VÁZQUEZ, Jose Luis, GUTIÉRREZ, Pablo, LANERO, Ana, y GARCÍA, Mª Purificación (2009). “El desarrollo del potencial empresarial de los estudiantes en las universidades públicas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León”. Revista de Investigación Económica y Social de Castilla y León, 12, 19-170.
WADDELL, Di, SINGH, Mohini, y MUSA, Ambareen (2006). Entrepreneurial opportunities on the Internet. En F. Zhao (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and innovations in e-business. An integretive perspective (pp. 179-199). Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
WATERMAN, Robert, WATERMAN, Judith (1994). “Toward a career-resilient workforce”. Harvard Business Review, 72(4), 87-95.
ÅSTEBRO, Thomas,BAZZAZIAN, Navid, y BRAGUINSKY, Serguey (2011, July 30): Startups by recent university graduates versus their faculty -implications for university entrepreneurship policy.
BANDURA, Albert (1986): Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
BANDURA, Albert (1997): Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
CASSON, Mark, y GIUSTA, Marina(2007): “Entrepreneurship and social capital: Analyzing the impact of social networks on entrepreneurial activity from a rational action perspective”. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 220-244.
COHEN, Jacob (1988): Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2ª ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS (2003a): Green paper on entrepreneurship in Europe. Bruselas.
COMISIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEAS (2003b): Communication from the Commission; investing efficiently in education and training: An imperative for Europe. Bruselas.
COMISIÓN EUROPEA (2006): Implementing the community Lisbon programme: Fostering entrepreneurial mindsets through education and learning, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Bruselas.
COMISIÓN EUROPEA (2012): Effects and impact of entrepreneurship programmes in higher education, Comisión Europea, Bruselas, marzo.
DANDRIDGE, Thomas, y LEVENBURG, Nancy (2000): “High-tech potencial? An exploratory study of very small firms’ usage of the Internet”. International Small Business Journal, 18(2), 81-91.
DAVIS, Paul (2003): “Widening participation and the European Union: Direct action -indirect policy?” European Journal of Education, 38(1), 99-116.
DE CAROLIS, Donna, y SAPARITO, Patrick (2006): “Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 41-56.
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT (2010): Digital economy rankings 2010 Beyond e-readiness A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit. OEI http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/EIU_Digital_economy_rankings_2010_FINAL_WEB.pdf [Consulta: diciembre 2012]
EDWARDS, Louise, y MUIR, Elizabeth (2005): “Promoting entrepreneurship at the University of Glamorgan through formal and informal learning”. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), 613-626.
ERUMBAN, Abdul, y DE JONG, Simon (2006): “Cross-country differences in ICT adoption: A consequence of Culture?” Journal of World Business, 41(4), 302-314.
EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING (CEDEFOP). (2008): Skill needs in Europe: Focus on 2020. Febrero, Bruselas.
FAYOLLE, Alain (2005): “Evaluation of entrepreneurship education: behavior performing or intention increasing?” International Journal Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 2(1), 89-98.
FLORIDO, Carmen, JIMÉNEZ, Juan, y SANTANA, Isabel (2011): “Obstáculos en el camino hacia Bolonia. Efectos de la implantación del EEES sobre los resultados académicos”. Revista de Educación, 354, enero-abril, 629-656. OEI http://www.educacion.gob.es/dctm/revista-de-educacion/articulos-re354/re35425.pdf?documentId=0901e72b811e1d41[Consulta: febrero 2013]
FORRIER, Anneleen, y SELS, Luc (2003): “The concept employability: a complex mosaic”. International. Journal of Human Resource Development & Management, 3(2), 102-124.
GEORGE, Darren, y MALLERY, Paul (2003): SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4ª ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
GONZÁLEZ, Elvira, y DEL RÍO, Fernando (2010): “European Employment Observatory”. EEO Review: Youth Employment Measures. OEI http://www.eu-employment-observatory.net/resources/reviews/Spain-YMRvw2010.pdf [Consulta: noviembre 2012]
GROEN, Aard, WAKKEE, Indrid, y DE WEERD-NEDERHOF, Petra (2008): “Managing tensions in a high-tech start-up: An innovation journey in social system perspective”. International Small Business Journal, 26(1), 57-81.
HENNEMANN, Stefan, y LIEFNER, Ingo (2010): “Employability of German geography graduates: The mismatch between knowledge acquired and competences required”. Journalof Geography in Higher Education, 34(2), 215-230.
KOLLMAN, Tobias (2006): “What is e-entrepreneurship? Fundamentals of company founding in the net economy”. International Journal of Technology Management, 33(4), 322-340.
KOLLMAN, Tobias (2009): E-entrepreneurship: The principles of founding electronic ventures. En Lee (Ed.) (2009), Selected readings on information technology and business systems management (pp. 204-225). Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
LANS, Thomas, WESSELINK, Renate, BIEMANS, Harm, y MULDER, Martin (2004):”Work-related lifelong learning for entrepreneurs in the agri-food sector”. International Journal or Training and Development, 8(1), 73-89.
LI, Jun, MITRA, Jay, y MATLAY, Harry (2004): “E-Commerce and management of channel conflict: evidence from small manufacturing firms in the UK”. International Journal of Technology Management, 28(7/8), 747-766.
LIÑÁN, Francisco, y CHEN, Yi (2006): Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample. Working paper num. 07/6, Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
LÓPEZ, Juan Ignacio (2011): “Un giro copernicano en la enseñanza universitaria: formación por competencias”. Revista de Educación, 356, septiembre-diciembre, 279-301. OEIhttp://www.educacion.gob.es/dctm/revista-de-educacion/articulosre356/re35612.pdf?documentId=0901e72b81203168[Consulta: enero 2013]
MARKMAN, Gideon, BALKIN, David, yBARON Robert (2002): “Inventors and new venture formation: The effect of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149-165.
MARTIN, Lynn, y MATLAY, Harry (2001): “Blanket approaches to promoting ICT in small firms: Some lessons from the DTI ladder adoption model in the UK”. Journal of Internet Research, 11(5), 399-410.
MATLAY, Harry, y MARTIN, Lynn (2009): “Collaborative and competitive strategies in virtual teams of e-entrepreneurs: a pan-European perspective”. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 16(1), 99-115.
MATLAY, Harry, y WESTHEAD, Paul (2005): “Virtual teams and the rise of e-entrepreneurship in Europe”. International Small Business Journal, 12(4), 279-300.
MCDOUGALL, Patricia, y OVIATT, Benjamin (2000): “International entrepreneurship: The intersection of two research paths”.Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 902-906.
MORGAN-THOMAS, Anna, y BRIDGEWATER, Susan (2004): “Internet and exporting: Determinants of success in virtual export channels”. International Marketing Review, 21(4/5), 393-408.
MORGAN-THOMAS, Anna, JONES, Marian, y JI, Zunzhe (2009): Global online entrepreneurship: The review of empirical literature. In J. Larimo and T. Vissak (ed.), Research on Knowledge, Innovation and Internationalization(Progress in International Business Research, Volume 4, (pp. 69-88), Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.
PALOMARES, Ascensión (2011): “El modelo docente universitario y el uso de nuevas metodologías en la enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación”. Revista de Educación, vol. 355, mayo-agosto, 591-604. http://www.revistaeducacion.mec.es/re355/re355_25.pdf[Consulta: enero 2013]
PEET, Steven, BRINDLEY, Clare, y RITCHIE, Bob (2002). “The European Commission and SME support mechanisms for e-business”. European Business Review, 14(5), 335-341.
PORTER, Michael(2001, Marzo). Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review,63-78.
RICOY, MªCarmen,SEVILLANO, MªLuisa, yFELIZ, Tiberio (2011): “Competencias necesarias para la utilización de las principales herramientas de Internet en la educación”. Revista deEducación, vol.356, septiembre-diciembre, 483-507. http://www.revistaeducacion.educacion.es/re356/re356_20.pdf[Consulta: enero 2013]
RODRÍGUEZ, Sebastián,PRADES, Anna,BERNÁLDEZ, Lorena, ySÁNCHEZ, Sergio (2010): “Sobre la empleabilidad de los graduados universitarios en Catalunya: del diagnóstico a la acción”.Revista de Educación, 356, enero-abril, 107-137. http://www.revistaeducacion.mec.es/re351/re351_05.pdf[Consulta: octubre 2012]
SAPIR, André (2006). “Globalization and the reform of European social models”. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(2), 369-390.
SEGAL, Gerry, BORGIA, Dan, y SCHOENFELD, Jerry (2005).”The motivation to become an entrepreneur”. InternationalJournal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(1), 42-57.
TORRES-CORONAS, Teresa, y VIDAL-BLASCO, María-Arántzazu (2011). Promoting Digital Competences through Social Software: A Case Study at the Rovira i Virgili University. En V. Wang (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Communication Technologies and Adult Education Integration (pp. 204-225), Hershey: Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
VÁZQUEZ, Jose Luis, GUTIÉRREZ, Pablo, LANERO, Ana, y GARCÍA, Mª Purificación (2009). “El desarrollo del potencial empresarial de los estudiantes en las universidades públicas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León”. Revista de Investigación Económica y Social de Castilla y León, 12, 19-170.
WADDELL, Di, SINGH, Mohini, y MUSA, Ambareen (2006). Entrepreneurial opportunities on the Internet. En F. Zhao (Ed.), Entrepreneurship and innovations in e-business. An integretive perspective (pp. 179-199). Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
WATERMAN, Robert, WATERMAN, Judith (1994). “Toward a career-resilient workforce”. Harvard Business Review, 72(4), 87-95.
Como Citar
Torres-Coronas, T., Arántzazu Vidal-Blasco, M., & Arias-Oliva, M. (2014). E-emprendimiento en la Educación Superior: la competencia digital. Revista Ibero-Americana De Educação, 64(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.35362/rie642360
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2014-03-15
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- Tecnología de la educación
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