Reinterpretando la Dislexia. Propuesta diferenciadora para una neurodidáctica inclusiva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35362/rie7813226Palabras clave:
conciencia fonológica, deficiencia sensorial, dificultades de lectura y escritura, Dislexia, trastorno neurológicoResumen
Hasta la aparición de las técnicas de neuroimagen las investigaciones sobre la Dislexia se centraron en el déficit fonológico como uno de los factores causales. Estas técnicas han permitido avanzar en el conocimiento anatómico-funcional de las distintas áreas del cerebro revelando la amplitud y complejidad de la red de lectura del cerebro.
Con el objetivo de una mayor compresión de este trastorno del neurodesarrollo, se analizan los últimos avances sobre las funciones neuroanatómicas de las distintas áreas del cerebro implicadas en la lectura y las investigaciones sobre la etiología neurológica de la Dislexia. Se concluye con la necesidad de considerar un trastorno del neurodesarrollo sensorial localizado en áreas primarias auditiva y visual que conlleva un deficiente procesamiento de la información viso-espacio-temporal. Se considera la Dislexia, y por tanto también el déficit fonológico, como una consecuencia de este trastorno. Esta diferenciación permite visibilizar otros síntomas menos atendidos por la investigación y la didáctica.
Se extraen implicaciones cognitivas del déficit del procesamiento espacio-temporal en las etapas de educación infantil y primaria ante tareas típicas del aula a partir de las cuales diseñar una didáctica inclusiva, comprensiva con la naturaleza neurológica del trastorno, que no penalice a los alumnos que padecen este trastorno neurológico.
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Ahveninen, J.; Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, I.P. ; Raij, T; Bonmassar, G.; Devore, S. ; Hämäläinen, M; Levänen, S.; Lin, F-H.; Sams, M.; Shinn-Cunningham, B. G.; Witzel, T. y Belliveau, J. W. (2006) Task-modulated “what” and “where” pathways in human auditory cortex. PNAS, 103(39), 14608-14613 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0510480103
Banai, K.; Hornickel, J.; Skoe, E.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S. y Kraus, N. (2009). Reading and subcortical auditory function. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2699-2707 https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp024
Banai, K.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S.G. y Kraus, N. (2005). Brainstem timing: implications for cortical processing and literacy. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(43), 9850-9857. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2373-05.2005
Ben-Shachar, M., Dougherty, R. F., Deutsch, G. K., y Wandell, B. A. (2007). Contrast Responsivity in MT+ Correlates with Phonological Awareness and Reading Measures in Children. NeuroImage, 37(4), 1396–1406. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.060
Bueti, D.; Bahrami, B. y Walsh, V. (2008). Sensory and associative cortex in time perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1054-1062. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20060
Clark, K.A.; Helland, T; Specht, K.; Narr, K.L.; Manis, F. R.; Toga, A.W. y Hugdahl, K. (2014) Neuroanatomical precursors of dyslexia identified from pre-reading through to age 11, Brain, 137(12), 3136-3141, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu229
Cutini, S.; Szűcs, D; Natasha Mead, N; Huss, M y Goswami, U. (2016). Atypical right hemisphere response to slow temporal modulations in children with developmental dyslexia. NeuroImage, 143, 40-49 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.012
de Freitas, P.B.; Pedão, S.T. y Barela, J.A. (2014) Visuomotor processing and hand force coordination in dyslexic children during a visually guided manipulation task. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 35(10):2352-2358. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.002..
Díaz, B., Hintz, F., Kiebel,S.J. y von Kriegstein, K.(2012). Dysfunction of the auditory thalamus in developmental dyslexia. PNAS, 109(34), 13841-13846. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1119828109.
Elliott, J.G. y Grigorenko, E.L. (2014). The Dyslexia Debate. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Etchepareborda, M.C. (2002) Detección precoz de la Dislexia y enfoque terapéutico. Revista de Neurología, 34 (Supl1), 13-23. Recuperado: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2812/bb248b85f9d7afe38996c79cb5e80ea610cc.pdf
Fischer, J. y Whitney, D. (2009) Precise Discrimination of Object Position in the Human Pulvinar. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 101–111, Doi: 10.1002/hbm.20485
Franceschini S, Gori S, Ruffino M, Pedrolli K, Facoetti A. (2012) A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition. Current Biology, 22(9), 814-819. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.013.
Friederici, A. D. (2011) The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91, 1357–1392, doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2011
Ghosh, S.; Basu, A.; Kumaran, S. S. y Khushu, S. (2010). Functional mapping of language networks in the normal brain using a word-association task. The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging, 20(3), 182–187. http://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.69352
Giraldo-Chica, M.; Hegarty, J.P. y Schneider, KA. (2015). Morphological differences in the lateral geniculate nucleus associated with dyslexia. Neuroimage Clin. (20)7, 830-836. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.011
Gori, S.; Seitz, A.R.; Ronconi, L.; Franceschini, S. y Facoetti, A. (2016). Multiple Causal Links Between Magnocellular-Dorsal Pathway Deficit and Developmental Dyslexia. Cerebral Cortex, 26, 4356-4369. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv206
Grossberg, S. (1999) The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition,8(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1998.0372
Hornickel, J.; Skoe, E.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S. y Kraus, N. (2009). Subcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception. PNAS, 106, 13022-13027. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901123106
Kozlovskiy, S.A.; Pyasik, M.M.; Korotkova, A.V.; Vartanov, A.V.; Glozman, J.M. y Kiselnikov, A.A. (2014). Selective involvement of lingual gyrus in working memory and perception of different types of visual stimuli. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, (S2), 43–43
Kravitz, D. J.; Kadharbatcha, S. S.; Baker, C.I. y Mishkin, M. (2011) A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 12(4):217-230. doi: 10.1038/nrn3008
Kronschnabel J.; Brem S.; Maurer U. y Brandeis D. (2014) The level of audiovisual print-speech integration deficits in dyslexia Neuropsychologia, 62, 245-61. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.024
Lehongre, K.; Morillon B.; Giraud, A-L. y Ramus, F (2013). Impaired auditory sampling in dyslexia: further evidence from combined fMRI and EEG Frontiers in Human Neurosciencie. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00454
Livingstone, M.S.; Rosen, G.D.; Drislane, F.W. y Galaburda, A.M. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. PNAS, 88, 7943-7947.
Lizarazu, M.; Lallier, M.; Molinaro, N.; Bourguignon, M.; Paz-Alonso, P.M.; Lerma-Usabiaga, G y Carreiras, M. (2015). Developmental evaluation of atypical auditory sampling in dyslexia: Functional and structural evidence. Human Brain Mapp. 36(12), 4986-5002. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22986.
Lobier, M.A.; Peyrin, C.; Pichat, C.; Le Bas, J.F. y Valdois, S. (2014) Visual processing of multiple elements in the dyslexic brain: evidence for a superior parietal dysfunction. Frontiers in Human Neurosciencie, 8, 479. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00479
Menghini, D.; Carlesimo, G. A.; Marotta, L.; Finzi, A.; Stefano Vicari, S. Developmental dyslexia and explicit long‐term memory (2010). Dyslexia, 16(3), https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.410
Mishkin, M.; Ungerleider, L. G. y Macko, K. (1983). Object vision and spatial vision_two cortical pathways. Trends In Neurosciences, 6, 414- 417.
Mitchell, A.S. ;Sherman, S. M.; Sommer, M.A.; Mair, R. G.; Vertes, R. P. y Chudasama, Y. (2014). Advances in Understanding Mechanisms of Thalamic Relays in Cognition and Behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(46), 15340-15346. doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3289-14.2014
Müller-Axt, C.; Anwander,A. y von Kriegstein, K. (2017) Altered structural connectivity of the left visual thalamus in developmental dyslexia Current Biology. 27(23), 3692–3698. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.034
Overath, T; McDermott, T. J; Zarate, J.M. y Poeppel, D. (2015) The cortical analysis of speech-specific temporal structure revealed by responses to sound quilts. Nature Neuroscience, 18, 903–911 doi:10.1038/nn.4021
Pennington, B.F. (2006) From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders. Cognition, 101, 2, 385-413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.008
Quercia, P., Feiss, L. y Michel, C. (2013). Developmental dyslexia and vision. Clinical Ophthalmology, 7, 869–881. http://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S41607
Quercia, P.; Seigneuric, A.; Chariot, S. ; P. Vernet, P ; Pozzo, T. ; Bron, A. ; C. Creuzot-Garcher, C. y Fobichon, F. (2005). Proprioception oculaire et dyslexie de développement. À propos de 60 observations cliniques. Journal Français D’Ophtalmologie, 28(7), 713-723
Riecke, L; Formisano, E; Sorger, B; Başkent, D y Gaudrain, E (2018) Neural Entrainment to Speech Modulates Speech Intelligibility Current Biology. 28(2):161-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.033.
Rolls, E. T. (2004), Convergence of sensory systems in the orbitofrontal cortex in primates and brain design for emotion. Anatomical Record, 281A, 1212-1225. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20126
Smith-Spark, J. H.; Zięcik, A. P. y Sterling, C. (2017). Adults with developmental dyslexia show selective impairments in time-based and self-initiated prospective memory: Self-report and clinical evidence. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 62, 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.011
Stein, J. (2018). What is Developmental Dyslexia? Brain Sciences, 8(2), 26; doi:10.3390/brainsci8020026
Stoeckel, C.; Gough PM; Watkins K.E. y Devlin J.T. (2009). Supramarginal gyrus involvement in visual word recognition Cortex, 45(9), 1091-1096. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.12.004.
Twomey, T.; Kawabata Duncan, K ; Price, C.J. y Devlina, J.T. (2011) Top-down modulation of ventral occipito-temporal responses during visual word recognition NeuroImage, (55)3, 1242-1251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.001
Vidyasagar, T.R y Pammer, K. (2010) Dyslexia: a deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14 (2), 57-63 doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.003
Warrier, C; Wong, P.; Penhune, V.; Zatorre, R.; Parrish, T.; Abrams, D y Kraus, N. (2009). Relating Structure to Function: Heschl’s Gyrus and Acoustic Processing. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(1), 61-69. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009
Weyand, T. (2015). The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 27(2), 135-157. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0018
Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., Swallow, K. M., Braver, T. S. y Reynolds, J. R. (2007). Event Perception: A Mind/Brain Perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 273-293. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.273
Banai, K.; Hornickel, J.; Skoe, E.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S. y Kraus, N. (2009). Reading and subcortical auditory function. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2699-2707 https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp024
Banai, K.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S.G. y Kraus, N. (2005). Brainstem timing: implications for cortical processing and literacy. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(43), 9850-9857. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2373-05.2005
Ben-Shachar, M., Dougherty, R. F., Deutsch, G. K., y Wandell, B. A. (2007). Contrast Responsivity in MT+ Correlates with Phonological Awareness and Reading Measures in Children. NeuroImage, 37(4), 1396–1406. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.060
Bueti, D.; Bahrami, B. y Walsh, V. (2008). Sensory and associative cortex in time perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1054-1062. doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20060
Clark, K.A.; Helland, T; Specht, K.; Narr, K.L.; Manis, F. R.; Toga, A.W. y Hugdahl, K. (2014) Neuroanatomical precursors of dyslexia identified from pre-reading through to age 11, Brain, 137(12), 3136-3141, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu229
Cutini, S.; Szűcs, D; Natasha Mead, N; Huss, M y Goswami, U. (2016). Atypical right hemisphere response to slow temporal modulations in children with developmental dyslexia. NeuroImage, 143, 40-49 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.012
de Freitas, P.B.; Pedão, S.T. y Barela, J.A. (2014) Visuomotor processing and hand force coordination in dyslexic children during a visually guided manipulation task. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 35(10):2352-2358. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.002..
Díaz, B., Hintz, F., Kiebel,S.J. y von Kriegstein, K.(2012). Dysfunction of the auditory thalamus in developmental dyslexia. PNAS, 109(34), 13841-13846. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1119828109.
Elliott, J.G. y Grigorenko, E.L. (2014). The Dyslexia Debate. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press.
Etchepareborda, M.C. (2002) Detección precoz de la Dislexia y enfoque terapéutico. Revista de Neurología, 34 (Supl1), 13-23. Recuperado: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2812/bb248b85f9d7afe38996c79cb5e80ea610cc.pdf
Fischer, J. y Whitney, D. (2009) Precise Discrimination of Object Position in the Human Pulvinar. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 101–111, Doi: 10.1002/hbm.20485
Franceschini S, Gori S, Ruffino M, Pedrolli K, Facoetti A. (2012) A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition. Current Biology, 22(9), 814-819. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.013.
Friederici, A. D. (2011) The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91, 1357–1392, doi:10.1152/physrev.00006.2011
Ghosh, S.; Basu, A.; Kumaran, S. S. y Khushu, S. (2010). Functional mapping of language networks in the normal brain using a word-association task. The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging, 20(3), 182–187. http://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.69352
Giraldo-Chica, M.; Hegarty, J.P. y Schneider, KA. (2015). Morphological differences in the lateral geniculate nucleus associated with dyslexia. Neuroimage Clin. (20)7, 830-836. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.011
Gori, S.; Seitz, A.R.; Ronconi, L.; Franceschini, S. y Facoetti, A. (2016). Multiple Causal Links Between Magnocellular-Dorsal Pathway Deficit and Developmental Dyslexia. Cerebral Cortex, 26, 4356-4369. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv206
Grossberg, S. (1999) The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition,8(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1998.0372
Hornickel, J.; Skoe, E.; Nicol, T.; Zecker, S. y Kraus, N. (2009). Subcortical differentiation of stop consonants relates to reading and speech-in-noise perception. PNAS, 106, 13022-13027. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901123106
Kozlovskiy, S.A.; Pyasik, M.M.; Korotkova, A.V.; Vartanov, A.V.; Glozman, J.M. y Kiselnikov, A.A. (2014). Selective involvement of lingual gyrus in working memory and perception of different types of visual stimuli. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20, (S2), 43–43
Kravitz, D. J.; Kadharbatcha, S. S.; Baker, C.I. y Mishkin, M. (2011) A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 12(4):217-230. doi: 10.1038/nrn3008
Kronschnabel J.; Brem S.; Maurer U. y Brandeis D. (2014) The level of audiovisual print-speech integration deficits in dyslexia Neuropsychologia, 62, 245-61. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.024
Lehongre, K.; Morillon B.; Giraud, A-L. y Ramus, F (2013). Impaired auditory sampling in dyslexia: further evidence from combined fMRI and EEG Frontiers in Human Neurosciencie. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00454
Livingstone, M.S.; Rosen, G.D.; Drislane, F.W. y Galaburda, A.M. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. PNAS, 88, 7943-7947.
Lizarazu, M.; Lallier, M.; Molinaro, N.; Bourguignon, M.; Paz-Alonso, P.M.; Lerma-Usabiaga, G y Carreiras, M. (2015). Developmental evaluation of atypical auditory sampling in dyslexia: Functional and structural evidence. Human Brain Mapp. 36(12), 4986-5002. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22986.
Lobier, M.A.; Peyrin, C.; Pichat, C.; Le Bas, J.F. y Valdois, S. (2014) Visual processing of multiple elements in the dyslexic brain: evidence for a superior parietal dysfunction. Frontiers in Human Neurosciencie, 8, 479. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00479
Menghini, D.; Carlesimo, G. A.; Marotta, L.; Finzi, A.; Stefano Vicari, S. Developmental dyslexia and explicit long‐term memory (2010). Dyslexia, 16(3), https://doi.org/10.1002/dys.410
Mishkin, M.; Ungerleider, L. G. y Macko, K. (1983). Object vision and spatial vision_two cortical pathways. Trends In Neurosciences, 6, 414- 417.
Mitchell, A.S. ;Sherman, S. M.; Sommer, M.A.; Mair, R. G.; Vertes, R. P. y Chudasama, Y. (2014). Advances in Understanding Mechanisms of Thalamic Relays in Cognition and Behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(46), 15340-15346. doi: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3289-14.2014
Müller-Axt, C.; Anwander,A. y von Kriegstein, K. (2017) Altered structural connectivity of the left visual thalamus in developmental dyslexia Current Biology. 27(23), 3692–3698. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.034
Overath, T; McDermott, T. J; Zarate, J.M. y Poeppel, D. (2015) The cortical analysis of speech-specific temporal structure revealed by responses to sound quilts. Nature Neuroscience, 18, 903–911 doi:10.1038/nn.4021
Pennington, B.F. (2006) From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders. Cognition, 101, 2, 385-413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.008
Quercia, P., Feiss, L. y Michel, C. (2013). Developmental dyslexia and vision. Clinical Ophthalmology, 7, 869–881. http://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S41607
Quercia, P.; Seigneuric, A.; Chariot, S. ; P. Vernet, P ; Pozzo, T. ; Bron, A. ; C. Creuzot-Garcher, C. y Fobichon, F. (2005). Proprioception oculaire et dyslexie de développement. À propos de 60 observations cliniques. Journal Français D’Ophtalmologie, 28(7), 713-723
Riecke, L; Formisano, E; Sorger, B; Başkent, D y Gaudrain, E (2018) Neural Entrainment to Speech Modulates Speech Intelligibility Current Biology. 28(2):161-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.033.
Rolls, E. T. (2004), Convergence of sensory systems in the orbitofrontal cortex in primates and brain design for emotion. Anatomical Record, 281A, 1212-1225. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20126
Smith-Spark, J. H.; Zięcik, A. P. y Sterling, C. (2017). Adults with developmental dyslexia show selective impairments in time-based and self-initiated prospective memory: Self-report and clinical evidence. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 62, 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.011
Stein, J. (2018). What is Developmental Dyslexia? Brain Sciences, 8(2), 26; doi:10.3390/brainsci8020026
Stoeckel, C.; Gough PM; Watkins K.E. y Devlin J.T. (2009). Supramarginal gyrus involvement in visual word recognition Cortex, 45(9), 1091-1096. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.12.004.
Twomey, T.; Kawabata Duncan, K ; Price, C.J. y Devlina, J.T. (2011) Top-down modulation of ventral occipito-temporal responses during visual word recognition NeuroImage, (55)3, 1242-1251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.001
Vidyasagar, T.R y Pammer, K. (2010) Dyslexia: a deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14 (2), 57-63 doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.003
Warrier, C; Wong, P.; Penhune, V.; Zatorre, R.; Parrish, T.; Abrams, D y Kraus, N. (2009). Relating Structure to Function: Heschl’s Gyrus and Acoustic Processing. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(1), 61-69. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009
Weyand, T. (2015). The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 27(2), 135-157. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2015-0018
Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., Swallow, K. M., Braver, T. S. y Reynolds, J. R. (2007). Event Perception: A Mind/Brain Perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 273-293. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.273
Cómo citar
Sánchez-Domenech, I. (2018). Reinterpretando la Dislexia. Propuesta diferenciadora para una neurodidáctica inclusiva. Revista Iberoamericana De Educación, 78(1), 127–147. https://doi.org/10.35362/rie7813226
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15-11-2018
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Monográfico. Neurodidáctica en el aula
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